Factores pronósticos y la influencia en la supervivencia de operados de cáncer de pulmón en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García / Prognostic Factors and their Influence of Patients Operated on for Lung Cancer at Hospital Universitario General Calixto García

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón ocupa el primer lugar entre las causas de mortalidad por cáncer a nivel mundial y solamente el 15,6 por ciento de los que padecen esta enfermedad sobreviven los 5 años. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de los factores pronósticos en la supervivencia de operados por cáncer de pulmón. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo, tipo serie de casos de 107 enfermos operados en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García en el período 2015-2020. Se utilizaron las variables tipo histológico, estadio clínico, estado físico e intervención quirúrgica. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino en edades entre 60-69 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y tabaquismo. Los síntomas que predominaron fueron la disnea, la tos y el dolor torácico. Las etapas clínicas más frecuentes fueron en orden: IIIA, IIB, IIA y las variantes histopatológicas adenocarcinoma y epidermoide. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la lobectomía. Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos de mayor significación estadística son la comorbilidad, la presencia de síntomas y el diagnóstico tardío. Los factores pronósticos relacionados con el tumor y el tratamiento quirúrgico con adyuvancia tienen una alta repercusión en la supervivencia(AU)

Introduction: Lung cancer ranks first among the causes of cancer mortality worldwide and only 15.6 percent of those with this disease survive the 5 years. Objective: To assess the influence of prognostic factors on the survival of patients operated on for lung cancer. Methods: A descriptive observational study of case series was carried out with 107 patients operated on at Hospital Universitario General Calixto García in the period 2015-2020. The variables histological type, clinical stage, physical condition and surgical intervention were used. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex, aged 60-69 years, with a history of arterial hypertension and smoking. The predominant symptoms were dyspnea, cough and chest pain. The most frequent clinical stages were IIIA, IIB, IIA, in that order; and the predominant histopathological variants were adenocarcinoma and epidermoid. The most commonly used surgical technique was lobectomy. Conclusions: The prognostic factors of greatest statistical significance are comorbidity, presence of symptoms and late diagnosis. Prognostic factors related to the tumor or the adjuvant surgical treatment have a high impact on survival(AU)

Valor de la linfadenectomía mediastinal en la cirugía del cáncer pulmonar / The Value of Mediastinal Lymphadenectomy in Lung Cancer Surgery

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación del mediastino en los pacientes que reciben tratamiento quirúrgico por cáncer del pulmón tiene sus orígenes en la necesidad de definir la extensión anatómica de cada estación nodal, lo cual es indispensable para la categorización patológica de los nódulos linfáticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la linfadenectomía mediastinal en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer pulmonar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de carácter prospectivo en el período comprendido entre enero de 2015 al 31 de agosto de 2018. El universo estuvo conformado por 96 pacientes con algún tipo de linfadenectomía mediastinal en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer pulmonar dentro del período señalado. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos, teóricos y empíricos. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 58,69 ± 9,343, el sexo masculino fue el más afectado y el adenocarcinoma el tipo histológico que predominó. La etapa clínica y patológica mayoritaria fue la III A y la lobectomía superior derecha la intervención más realizada. Se efectuaron un total de 76 disecciones ganglionares sistemáticas, seguidas por 18 muestreos ganglionares y 2 biopsias. Las linfadenectomías realizadas provocaron cambios de estadios en 46 pacientes. El análisis del valor predictivo positivo y negativo, así como de la sensibilidad y la especificidad fueron altos, así como las complicaciones escasas. Conclusiones: La linfadenectomía mediastinal como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico en el cáncer pulmonar constituye un pilar fundamental en la estadificación patológica del TNM, al mostrar una exactitud diagnóstica alta(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evaluation of the mediastinum in patients receiving surgical treatment for lung cancer has its origins in the need to define the anatomical extension of each node station, which is essential for the pathological categorization of lymph nodes. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of mediastinal lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of lung cancer. Methods: A prospective and analytical study was carried out in the period from January 2015 to August 31, 2018. The universe consisted of 96 patients with some type of mediastinal lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of lung cancer within the indicated period. Statistical, theoretical and empirical methods were used. Results: The average age was 58.69 ± 9.343. The male sex was the most affected. Adenocarcinoma was the histological type that predominated. The most manifested clinical and pathological stage was III A. Right upper lobectomy was the most performed intervention. A total of 76 systematic lymph node dissections were performed, followed by 18 lymph node samples and two biopsies. The lymphadenectomies performed caused stage changes in 46 patients. The analysis of positive and negative predictive value, as well as sensitivity and specificity, were high. There were few complications. Conclusions: Mediastinal lymphadenectomy as part of the surgical treatment in lung cancer constitutes a fundamental procedure for the pathological staging of TNM, as it shows high diagnostic accuracy(AU)

Esôfago de Barrett: o estado da arte / Barrett's Esophagus: the state of the art

Objetivo: Demonstrar fatores envolvidos nos distúrbios do sono em profissionais que fazem plantões. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi composta de 244 voluntários, plantonistas da área da saúde, sendo 191 do sexo feminino, que responderam a um questionário socioeconômico, associado à aplicação da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e ao Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os dados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Spearman e de Kendall Tau, com distribuição de probabilidade gama. Resultados: Houve significância (p<0,05) com o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e a atividade física (+0,216), ergonomia (+0,148), filhos (-0,146), valor da remuneração (+0,112) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,352). Também houve significância com a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e atividade física (+0,138), renda familiar (-0,118), trabalho semanal (-0,151), latência do sono (-0,106), duração do sono (-0,107), eficiência do sono (-0,139) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,170). Por fim, a eficiência do sono teve significiância com profissão (-0,209), tabagismo (+0,402), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (-0,139) e dissonias com a obesidade (índice de massa corporal >30; razão de chance de 1,40; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,02-1,94). Conclusão: As medidas autorrelatadas são prontamente obtidas com questionários validados, como a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, encontrando-se correlações com renda familiar, ter ou não filhos, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, ergonomia, condições de trabalho, tabagismo e componentes biopsicossociais. Em virtude do caráter transversal deste estudo é indispensável mais estudos com maior follow-up

Objective: To demonstrate factors involved in sleep disorders in professionals who take shifts. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study whose sample consists of 244 volunteers, on-duty health workers, 191 females, who answered a socioeconomic questionnaire, associated with application of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed with Spearman's and Kendall Tau coefficients, and gamma probability distribution. Results: There was significance (p<0,05) with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and physical activity (+0,216), ergonomics (+0,148), children (-0,146), the wage (+0,112), dysfunction during the day (+0,352). Also there was significance with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and physical activity (+0,138), family income (-0,118), weekly workload (-0,151), sleep latency (-0,106), sleep duration (-0,107), sleep efficiency (-0,139), and dysfunction during the day (+0,170). Finally, sleep efficiency was significant with occupation (-0,209), smoking habits (+0,402), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (-0,139), dyssomnia with obesity (body index mass >30; OR of 1,40; CI 95% 1,02-1,94). Conclusion: Self-reported measures are readily obtained with validated questionnaires such as Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with correlations with family income, having children or not, body mass index, physical activity, ergonomics, working conditions, smoking habits, and biopsychosocial components. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, further research with longer follow-up is indispensable

Omeprazole and adenocarcinoma in the stomach of rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux. Is there a protective effect?

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the role of omeprazole and nitrites on the gastric mucosa of rats submitted to specific techniques to induce duodenogastric reflux. Methods: One hundred and twenty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group I (n=40) -gastrotomy; Group II (n=40) - duodenogastric reflux after gastrojejunoanastomosis latero-lateral (DGR); Group III (n=40) - retrograde duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus (DGR-P). The groups were divided into 4 subgroups of 10 animals, respectively treated for 16 weeks with water, omeprazole 1.6 mg / rat / day, nitrite 600 mg / kg / day and omeprazole plus nitrite simultaneously. Results: The proliferative lesions found were: squamous hyperplasia - 69.1%, adenomatous hyperplasia in the anastomosis - 29.1% and prepyloric adenomatous hyperplasia - 42.5%. Adenocarcinomas were registered in 7 animals (5.8%): one in Group I (omeprazole plus nitrite), two in Group II (omeprazole and nitrite plus omeprazole) and four in Group III (water, nitrite, omeprazole and omeprazole plus nitrite). Conclusions: The occurrence of squamous hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma increased after gastrojejunal anastomoses, which cause duodenogastric reflux. The association of omeprazole did not protect the development of proliferative lesions and cancer induced by duodenogastric reflux in rats.

Malformación adenomatoidea quística y riesgo de tumores malignos pulmonares / Adenomatoid lung malformation and malignant tumors

Cystic adenomatoid malformation is the most frequent congenital pulmonary malformation. The usual treatment is surgical resection. However there is controversy over management in asymptomatic patients. The possible malignization would justify surgery of cystic lesions. Relation with pleuropulmonary blastoma has been described, however it is not clear whether this is a primary tumor or cyst malignization. Cystic adenomatoid malformation also has association with adenocarcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Currently available evidence suggests surgical resection, despite the natural course of congenital lung cystic lesions is uncertain

La malformación adenomatoidea quística (MAQ) es la anomalía del desarrollo pulmonar más frecuente. El tratamiento habitual es la resección quirúrgica, no obstante existe controversia sobre el manejo en pacientes asintomáticos. La posible malignización de las lesiones quísticas es uno de los argumentos que justifican la cirugía en estos pacientes. Se ha descrito relación con blastoma pleuropulmonar, sin embargo no está claro si se trataría de una lesión quística que se maligniza o es una entidad diferente. También hay asociación con adenocarcinoma y rabdomiosarcoma . Actualmente se sugiere la resección quirúrgica como el tratamiento más adecuado, sin embargo la evolución natural de las lesiones quísticas pulmonares congénitas es incierta

Predictores clínicos y funcionales del riesgo de cáncer pulmonar en el seguimiento de una cohorte de adultos fumadores / Risk factors for the development of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers

Background: Identifying risk factors for lung cancer in the population could improve the cost-effectiveness of early detection programs using thoracic computed tomography (CT). Aim: To examine the risk factors of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers. Patients and Methods: An annual clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography for three years and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 270 patients aged 65 ± 9 years, 55% males, active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty seven percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 37 ± 26 packs/year, 85% had comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (66%), hypertension (48%), diabetes (22%) and dyslipidemia (42%). Thirteen percent of patients had family history of lung cancer. Twenty-one cases of lung cancer were detected in the five years follow up, especially squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors for lung cancer identified were an age older than 60 years, history of COPD, family history of lung cancer, active smoking, tobacco consumption more than 30 pack/year and lung hyperinflation. In multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for lung cancer were a family history of lung cancer, active smoking and the number of packs per year of tobacco consumption. Conclusions: The identification of risk groups probably will improve the performance of programs for early detection of lung cancer.

Effect of letrozole in carcinogen-plus-estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia in mice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of letrozole (Ltz) in carcinogen+estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia. METHODS: BALB/c female mice were divided into four groups of 12 animals each receiving an intrauterine dose of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and weekly subcutaneous injections of estradiol hexaidrobenzoate (EHB), except for group I(control). The groups were divided in I (control), II (ENU+EHB), III (ENU+EHB+MPA) and IV (ENU+EHB+Ltz). Group III also received intramuscular injections of MPA (medroxy progesterone acetate) every four weeks, while group IV received oral doses of Ltz daily. At the end of 16 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for the measurement of serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Uterine histological sections were made to evaluate the presence of endometrial proliferative lesions. Differences between groups were evaluated with student's t test, ANOVA and chi-square test. RESULTS: Groups ENU+EHB, ENU+EHB+MPA and ENU+EHB+Ltz showed varying degrees of endometrial hyperplasia. The incidence of hyperplasia in groups ENU+EHB and ENU+EHB+Ltz was higher and more severe than in group ENU+EHB+MPA. Control group showed lower levels of serum estradiol than the other groups. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence that letrozole could act as an antiestrogenic drug in the development of endometrial proliferative lesions.

Tumores malignos de novo en el trasplante hepático experiencia de un centro en la Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar la incidencia y las características clínicas de los tumores aparecidos de novo en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático, como así también su supervivencia. Para ello, analizamos en forma retrospectiva los 168 trasplantes hepáticos realizados en 159 pacientes adultos en el período mayo 2006 hasta mayo 2014, encontrando una incidencia de neoplasia de novo de 7.5% (n = 12). La edad media en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 63 ± 7 años. Las neoplasias más frecuentes fueron las de piel no melanoma y adenocarcinomas. El 50% de las neoplasias se desarrollaron en el segundo y tercer año postrasplante. El tipo de inmunosupresión no influyó en el tipo de tumor; sin embargo, debemos destacar que la mayor parte de los pacientes recibieron tacrolimus, micofenolato y/o corticoides. El tiempo medio de seguimiento tras el diagnóstico del tumor fue 25 ± 29 meses (0-76), y la tasa de mortalidad fue de un 41% (5/12 pacientes IC95%,15-72).La supervivencia global luego del trasplante a 1 y 5 años, calculada por análisis de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 83 y 55%, respectivamente. Los tumores de novo son frecuentes luego del trasplante hepático y presentan un patrón evolutivo diferente al de la población general. Teniendo en cuenta esta evolución más agresiva, es fundamental el seguimiento periódico en estos pacientes para realizar un diagnóstico lo más precoz posible.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of de novo tumors in patients undergoing liver transplantation in our center as well as to assess survival. We retrospectively analyzed 168 liver transplantations (159 patients) performed from May 2006 to May 2014. The incidence of de novo tumors was 7.5% (n = 12). The mean age at diagnosis was 63 ± 7 years. The most frequent neoplasms were non melanoma skin tumors and adenocarcinomas. Fifty percent of the tumors developed in the second and third year after transplantation. Type of immunosuppression did not influence tumoral type, although most patients receive tacrolimus in combination with mycofenolate and/or corticoids. The mean duration of follow-up after diagnosis of the tumor was 25 ± 29 months (range 0-76) and the mortality was 41%. The actuarial probability of survival at 1 and 5 years was 83 and 55%, respectively. De novo tumors are frequent after liver transplantation and their clinical course differs from that in the general population. Because their clinical course is more aggressive, regular follow up of these patients is essential for early diagnosis.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y anatomopatológicas de los adenocarcinomas del tracto gastrointestinal en menores de 18 años en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Perú durante el periodo 1997-2012 / Characteristics clinical, epidemiological and pathological of the adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract in children less than 18 years at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases of Peru during the period 1997-2012

Los adenocarcinomas gastrointestinales son un grupo de neoplasias que tiene su origen en las células que constituyen el revestimiento interno de las glándulas de secreción externa del tracto gastrointestinal, es un tipo de crecimiento celular maligno producido por la proliferación de células anormales con capacidad de invasión y destrucción de otros tejidos y órganos. En las formas metastásicas, las células tumorales pueden infiltrar los vasos linfáticos de los tejidos, diseminarse a los ganglios y, sobrepasando esta barrera, penetrar en la circulación sanguínea, después de lo cual queda abierto virtualmente el camino a cualquier órgano del cuerpo. Al ser neoplasias muy raras en la edad pediátrica se dificulta tener una casuística suficiente para determinar las mejores conductas terapéuticas y se desconoce en nuestro medio de estadísticas fidedignas que reflejen la real magnitud del problema y por ello se hacen necesarios estudios descriptivos que puedan ser base de estudios posteriores. Nuestro objetivo es determinar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y anatomopatológicas de los adenocarcinomas del tracto gastrointestinal en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas en menores de 18 años durante el periodo 1997 a 2012...

Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and 5 during progression of prostate transformation in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mice

Chronic inflammation has been considered an important risk factor for development of prostate cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial moieties or endogenous molecules and play an important role in the triggering and promotion of inflammation. In this study, we examined whether expression of TLR4 and TLR5 was associated with progression of prostate transformation in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. The expression of TLR4 and TLR5 was evaluated by immunohistochemisty in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue from wild-type (WT) and TRAMP mice. Normal prostate tissue from WT mice showed strong expression of TLR4 and TLR5. However, TLR4 expression in the prostate tissue from TRAMP mice gradually decreased as pathologic grade became more aggressive. TLR5 expression in the prostate tissue from TRAMP mice also decreased in low-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), high-grade PIN and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Overall, our results suggest that decreased expression of TLR4 and TLR5 may contribute to prostate tumorigenesis.

Adenocarcinoma del intestino delgado asociado al síndrome de Lynch / Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine associated with Lynch syndrome

El síndrome de Lynch (SL) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante causada por una mutación en los genes de reparación del ADN que predispone al cáncer colorrectal (CCR) y a otros tumores extracolónicos. Entre estos predominan los del endometrio, estómago, tracto urinario alto y ovario. La incidencia de los tumores de intestino delgado (TID) si bien es baja (0,4-2,9%), supera en más de 25 veces a la de la población general. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de carcinoma del duodeno en un paciente masculino de 47 años con criterios de Amsterdam II, y discutir las características de los TID en el SL.

Lynch Syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in the mismatch repair genes that predispose to colorectal cancer (CRC) and other extracolonic tumors. Among these, endometrial, gastric, ovarian, and urinary tract tumors are the commonest. The incidence of small bowel tumors (SBT), although low (0.4-2.9%), exceeds in more than 25 times that of the general population. The purpose of this paper is to communicate a case of carcinoma of the duodenum in a 47 years old male with Amsterdam II criteria, and discuss the characteristics of SBT in LS.

Barrett's Esophagus and Cancer Risk: How Research Advances Can Impact Clinical Practice

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), whose incidence has increased sharply in the last 4 decades. The annual conversion rate of BE to cancer is significant, but small. The identification of patients at a higher risk of cancer therefore poses a clinical conundrum. Currently, endoscopic surveillance is recommended in BE patients, with the aim of diagnosing either dysplasia or cancer at early stages, both of which are curable with minimally invasive endoscopic techniques. There is a large variation in clinical practice for endoscopic surveillance, and dysplasia as a marker of increased risk is affected by sampling error and high interobserver variability. Screening programs have not yet been formally accepted, mainly due to the economic burden that would be generated by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Screening programs have not yet been formally accepted, mainly due to the economic burden that would be generated by widespread indication to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In fact, it is currently difficult to formulate an accurate algorithm to confidently target the population at risk, based on the known clinical risk factors for BE and EAC. This review will focus on the clinical and molecular factors that are involved in the development of BE and its conversion to cancer and on how increased knowledge in these areas can improve the clinical management of the disease.

Late administration of a specific COX-2 inhibitor does not treat and/or prevent progression of gastric tumors in rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux procedure

PURPOSE:To assess whether late introduction of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) can treat and/or prevent the progression of tumors in the stomach of rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux. METHODS: Seventy five male Wistar rats, weighing 150 grams, were submitted to the induction of duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus. At 36 weeks of follow-up were established three experimental groups: DGR36 sacrificed immediately, DGR54 and DGR54MLX both sacrificed at 54th week of follow-up . The animals of the latter group were fed with a rat chow premixed with Meloxicam (2.0 mg/ kg feed; 0.3 mg / kg bw / day) and the other two with standard rat chow. The lesions found in the pyloric mucosa and gastrojejunal anastomosis were analyzed macroscopically and histologically. For statistical analysis was adjusted a generalized linear model assuming a binomial distribution with LOGIT link function. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing the incidences of benign tumor lesions (Adenomatous Hyperplasia), p=0.4915, or malignant (Mucinous Adenocarcinoma), p=0.2731, among groups. CONCLUSION: Late introduction of specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) did not treat and was not able to prevent the progression of tumoral lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in the rat stomachs.

Adenocarcinoma nasofaríngeo en una paciente de diez años de edad: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Nasopharyngeal adenocarcinoma in a 10 year old patient: Case report and review of the literature

El adenocarcinoma nasofaríngeo primario (NAC, por sus siglas en inglés: Nasopharyngeal Adenocarcinoma) es una neoplasia muy rara. Se cree que se origina en las glándulas salivales menores, y representa aproximadamente el 0,5% de todos los cánceres de la nasofaringe. Tiene una serie de características clínicas, que incluyen un inicio insidioso con síntomas progresivos, como la obstrucción nasal y epistaxis, que se extienden por un período de semanas a varios meses. La mayoría de estos tumores se observan en pacientes de edad media (entre los 30-50 años). Se presenta el caso de una paciente de diez años de edad, con obstrucción nasal progresiva y rinitis, a quien se le diagnosticó un adenocarcinoma nasofaríngeo. Lamentablemente, no hay estrategias terapéuticas establecidas; sin embargo, la resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento de elección, con radioterapia concomitante o sin ella. Estas estrategias son similares a las recomendadas para el carcinoma escamocelular nasofaríngeo, pues casi todos los pacientes se benefician del tratamiento quirúrgico; no obstante, el papel de la quimioterapia y la radioterapia aún no es claro. Un sistema de clasificación correcta y la gestión de un tratamiento más específico para el manejo del adenocarcinoma nasofaríngeo deben establecerse...

Primary Nasopharyngeal Adenocarcinoma (NAC) is an extremely rare neoplasm believed to originate from minor salivary glands which accounts for approximately 0.5% of all nasopharyngeal cancer. It has a series of clinical characteristics including an insidious onset with slow progressive symptoms, such as nasal obstruction and epistaxis that spans a period of weeks to several months. Most of these tumors are seen in middle aged patients (30-50 years of age). We report a case of a 10 year old female patient presenting with progressive nasal obstruction and rhinitis who was diagnosed with a NAC. Unfortunately no treatment strategies are established; however surgical management is the treatment of choice, with or without concomitant radiotherapy. These strategies are similar to the ones recommended for nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma. Almost all patients benefit from surgery, nevertheless the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is not clear. An accurate staging system and most select management for NAC needed to be established...

Odds of prostate cancer among Pakistani men in relation to their dietary patterns

To determine relationship between dietary pattern of Pakistani men and the odds of prostate cancer. Total of 195 cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate and 390 randomly selected controls were recruited for this retrospective study. Cases and controls were asked about their usual dietary pattern using validated food frequency questionnaire. NutriSurvey software version 2007 was used to compute amount of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients consumption per week. Odds ratio was used as a measure of strength of association. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios after adjustment of known potential confounding factors and effect modifiers. Mean calories consumed per day for cases was 3720 +/- 878 and for controls was 2918 +/- 487 and this difference was statistically significant [t =11.87 at 255 df ; p<0.001]. Red meat consumption was found to be strongly associated with prostate cancer risk [adjusted OR 2.23 for once a week, OR 10.67 for twice a week, OR 11.82 for thrice a week and OR 14.53 for daily]. On the other hand, consuming chicken for once a week was rather protective [adjusted OR 0.25; 95% CI. 0.14-0.44; p<0.001]. Weekly consumption of seasonal vegetables, fruits were found to play protective role [adjusted OR 0.01; 95% CI.0.005-0.03; p<0.001]. On the other hand, fat consumption demonstrated a strong relationship with prostate cancer risk such that those consuming 80 grams and above fats per day were at higher odds 7.95 [95% CI 4.38-14.43; p<0.001]. Increased risk was also observed with calcium consumption [OR 2.03 [95% CI.1.21- 3.42; p=0.006], however, phosphorous and Iron did not demonstrate any relationship with prostate cancer odds. Pakistan, prostate, dietary pattern, risk, odds, red meat, fruits, vegetables, diary products. Consumption of increased quantities of fats, red meat and dairy products are associated with higher odds of prostate cancer in Pakistani men.

Acantosis nigricans: importancia del odontólogo en el diagnóstico / Acanthosis nigricans: importance of the dentist in the diagnosis

La acantosis nigricans es un síndrome que afecta tanto la piel como las mucosas que se caracteriza por lesiones papilomatosas en mucosa bucal y alteraciones pigmentadas de la piel. Puede encontrarse con o sin asociación a neoplasia maligna, generalmente adenocarcinoma gástrico. Las manifestaciones bucales de este padecimiento, son más comunes cuando se encuentra asociada a neoplasia maligna y, se caracterizan por proliferaciones papilomatosas en labio, encías y lengua. El tratamiento es sintomático y al tratar la neoplasia subyacente se pueden llegar a resolver las lesiones de piel y de la boca. En el presente trabajo se describe un caso clínico asociado a adenocarcinoma de endometrio, destacando las manifestaciones bucales de la lesión de importancia para el estomatólogo de práctica general para que después de sea enviado al servicio correspondiente.

The acantosis nigricans is a syndrome that affects both the skin and the mucousas ones that are characterized by papilomatosus injuries in mucousae of the mouth and pigmented alterations of the skin. It can be with or without association to malignant neoplasia,, generally adenocarcinoma gastric. The mouth manifestations of this suffering, are more common when it is associated to malignant neoplasia and, are characterized by polilomatosus proliferations in lip, gums and tongue. The treatment is symptomatic and on having treated the neoplasia there can manage to be solved the injuries of skin and of the mouth. In the present work a clinical case is described, emphasizing the mouth manifestations of the injury of importance for the dentist for a good channeling of patiently and suitable attention.

Icterícia colestática por lesões de natureza maligna: ensaio iconográfico / Cholestatic jaundice by malignant lesions: pictorial essay

A icterícia colestática de natureza tumoral maligna tem como causas mais frequentes o tumor da cabeça do pâncreas, o tumor da papila, o colangiocarcinoma e os quadros obstrutivos biliares determinadospor lesão secundária hepática parenquimatosa ou linfonodal. Os pacientes geralmente se apresentam com perda ponderal, dor abdominal, icterícia progressiva e aumento de bilirrubina direta, sendo fundamental a avaliação pelos métodos de imagem para o adequado diagnóstico, estadiamento e planejamento terapêutico. O presente ensaio ilustra, com correlação anatomocirúrgica, os aspectos de imagem da ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e, em situaçõesespecíficas, colangiorressonância, das principais neoplasias malignas que cursam com icterícia colestática.

Malignant obstructive jaundice is most commonly caused by cancerof pancreatic head, papilla tumor, cholangiocarcinoma and biliary obstruction induced by secondary lesions of the liver or lymph nodes. Patients usually present with weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice and progressive increase of direct bilirubin, being essential the evaluation by imaging methods for the proper diagnosis, staging and therapeutic planning. This essay illustrates the imaging aspects of ultrasound and computed tomography – and in specific situations magnetic resonance cholangiography – of the major malignancies that lead to cholestatic jaundice.

Chemoprevention by celecoxib in reflux-induced gastric adenocarcinoma in Wistar rats that underwent gastrojejunostomy / Quimioprevenção pelo celecoxibe no adenocarcinoma gástrico induzido por refluxo em ratos Wistar submetidos à gastrojejunostomia

PURPOSE: To evaluate chemoprevention by celecoxib in cases of reflux-induced gastric adenocarcinoma, in Wistar rats that underwent gastrojejunostomy. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats of average age three months underwent surgery and were distributed into three groups: group 1, exploratory laparotomy; group 2, gastrojejunostomy; and group 3, gastrojejunostomy and daily celecoxib administration. After 53 weeks, the animals were sacrificed. Changes in the mucosa of the gastric body of group 1 and in the gastrojejunal anastomosis of groups 2 and 3, observed in histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations, were compared. All statistical analyses were performed using Epi-Info®, version 3.4.3. RESULTS: Comparison between groups 2 and 3 relative to the presence of adenocarcinoma showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.0023). Analysis of the association between groups 2 and 3 relative to COX-2 expression also showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.0018). CONCLUSION: Celecoxib had an inhibiting effect on gastric carcinogenesis induced by enterogastric reflux in an animal model.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a quimioprevenção pelo celecoxibe no adenocarcinoma gástrico induzido por refluxo, em ratos Wistar, submetidos a gastrojejunostomia. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos machos Wistar, com média de idade de três meses foram operados e distribuídos em 03 grupos: Grupo 1 - Os animais foram submetidos a laparotomia exploradora. Grupo 2 - Os animais foram submetidos a gastrojejunostomia. Grupo 3 - Os animais foram submetidos a gastrojejunostomia e tomaram celecoxib, diariamente. Após um período de 53 semanas, os animais foram sacrificados. As alterações da mucosa do corpo gástrico dos animais do grupo 1 e da anastomose gastrojejunal dos animais dos grupos 2 e 3 foram analisadas no exame histopatológico e imuno-histoquímica e foram comparadas. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo programa Epi Info®, versão 3.4.3. RESULTADOS: No cotejo entre os animais dos grupos 2 e 3 com relação à presença de adenocarcinoma observou-se uma diferença estatística significante (p=0,0023). A análise de associação entre os grupos 2 e 3 com relação à expressão da COX-2, também evidenciou uma diferença estatística significante (p=0,0018). CONCLUSÃO: O celecoxib teve efeito inibidor da carcinogênese gástrica, induzida pelo refluxo em ratos.